column

Extra Topics
Images of Women and Goddesses

	Marble Statuette of Aphrodite Click on image for interactive viewing. ca. 150-100 BC Benghazi, eastern Libya 69-14-1 The goddess rises nude out of the sea which gave her birth, wringing the sea water from her hair. The statuette may have been intended for display in a pool of water, since it appears to have been cut off at the waist as part of its original design. Aphrodite is goddess of sexuality and erotic love, and concerned with fertility and procreation. She was also worshipped as a goddess of the sea. Embodying perfect beauty, she appears clothed in the major arts until the 4th century BC when her statues show her naked. H. 32.0; L. 21.0; W. 13.5 cm. Photo courtesy Public Information Office, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. (83k)
	Attic Black Figure Amphora Early 5th century BC By the Diosphos Painter On loan, Philadelphia Museum of Art L-64-177 The goddess Athena driving a four-horse chariot or quadriga. H. 18.8; Dia. 12.0 cm. UM neg. S8-2828. (215k)
	Silver Tetradrachm ca. 449-410 BC Athens 29-126-404 The head of Athena is on the obverse, an owl with olive branch on the reverse. The goddess (in Greek, Athena) is a punning reference to the city (in Greek, Athenai) that honored her as its chief protective deity. The owl as Athena's favorite bird and the olive, which was one of the city's most lucrative exports, came in time to stand for Athens throughout the Mediterranean world. Dia. 24.0 mm. Obverse: Photo courtesy Registrar's Office, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. Reverse: Photo courtesy Donald White. (100k)
	Marble Head of Athena 2nd century BC Purchased in Cairo MS 4026 Athena was the daughter of Zeus and originally a Mycenaean palace goddess. Her function later expanded to include the roles of guardian of cities, war goddess, patroness of arts and crafts, and promoter of wisdom. She is always shown modestly clothed and often armed. The owl is her special bird. The back of the sculpture seems deliberately cut and at least one rectangular hole looks ancient. This suggests that the head once formed part of a relief. Given its size, the unfinished appearance of the top of the helmet, and the foreshortening evident in its execution, the head may have been part of a sculpted pediment group, perhaps originally set up in Alexandria. H. 30.0; W. 24.0; Th. 16.0 cm. Photo courtesy Mediterranean Section, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. (66k)
	Attic Red Figure Pyxis ca. 400-390 BC By the Meleager Painter MS 5462 Heracles and Hebe's wedding in the presence of the gods on Mt. Olympus. The lid of the pyxis shows Heracles leading Hebe to his house, while an Eros or Cupid figure carries a marriage torch in front of the wedded couple. Hebe is dressed in a white and gold chiton and himation and wears a wedding veil which another Eros adjusts. A goddess lights the scene with a pair of torches. Athena and Zeus sit enthroned, while Hera leans intimately against Zeus's shoulder. A third Eros reclines against Zeus's throne next to a high-stemmed censer for burning incense. Behind the Eros is a low, footed chest, probably a wedding gift. Two women carry a jewel box for the bride and a vessel containing water for her bridal bath. H. 9.0; Dia. 21.8 cm. Photo courtesy Public Information Office, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. (165k)
	Over Life-size Marble Head of a Goddess 2nd century BC 30-7-1 The detached, serene expression, frontal gaze, and over life-size scale of this head, which in other respects recalls the style of the Messenian sculptor Damophon, all suggest that it may have belonged to an actual cult statue. Too little survives of the complete statue to be totally certain of its original purpose or to suggest which goddess is specifically being represented. H. 42.0; Dia. 31.5 cm. UM neg. 140075. (231k)
	South Italian Greek Terracotta Votive Figurine ca. 450-425 BC MS 1857 Either a Demeter or Persephone figurine or a priestess. The low polos headdress is associated with both, but the apron suggests a priestess. Carrying a piglet, she holds aloft a circular box or kanoun. Inexpensive terracottas depicting female subjects turn up in very large quantities in sanctuaries dedicated to female goddesses throughout the Greek world. Women were especially active in all aspects of Demeter's cult. H. 32.5; W. 13.0; Th. 8.0 cm. UM neg. S8-55808. (99k)
	Attic Black Figure Amphora ca. 530-525 BC In the manner of the Lysippides Painter MS 5467 Both sides portray scenes of mythological battle, which symbolize the Greek preoccupation with struggle as well as their love for detailed battle narrations. Such scenes are a hallmark of Archaic art. Here, Heracles (at the left) fights with two Amazons, a race of female warriors thought to live on the fringes of the civilized world. H. 41.0; Dia. 28.0 cm. Photo by Maria Daniels for the Perseus Project. (132k)
	Attic Red Figure Hydria ca. 460-450 BC By the Penthesileia Painter On loan, Philadelphia Museum of Art L-64-41 A matron, joined by her young daughter and short-haired servant, holds a three-legged basket or situla. Behind is a stool with a woven cushion. The items most commonly illustrated on vases and on stone reliefs include chairs, stools, couches, tables and various kinds of chests, boxes and baskets. Since these were originally largely made of wood and other organic materials, their survival tends to be poor, but specimens of Greek furniture have been found in tombs. H. 24.7; L. 25.0; Dia. 20.0 cm. UM neg. S4-95090-94. (165k)
	Attic Red Figure Kylix ca. 480-470 BC By the Painter of Philadelphia 2449 and the potter Hieron Chiusi, Italy MS 2449 A scene from the women's quarter or gynaikonitis. Women talk while sitting on chairs. Two play the aulos (double reed instrument) and krotala (rattle). A standing woman holds a mirror. On the interior, an elegant woman, holding a box, lifts the lid of an inlaid chest. H. 8.7; L. 29.8; Dia. 23.3 cm. Photos by Maria Daniels for the Perseus Project. (132k)
	Terracotta Figurine Early 3rd century BC MS 5679 Standing clothed female figure of possibly Corinthian manufacture, wearing a himation over a floor-length chiton. The himation was a rectangle of wool or linen, often drawn away from one shoulder. The figure's earrings are well preserved. Traces of white slip cover most of the figure, and rusty red survives in the hair. H. 20.7; W. 7.6; Th. 5.0 cm. Photo courtesy Public Information Office, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. (99k)
	Italic Low-Footed Red Figure Bowl with High Handles 4th century BC On loan, Philadelphia Museum of Art L-64-23 detail The most common toilet article appearing on vases is the mirror, usually made of polished silver or bronze. These and a wide variety of cosmetic implements are often excavated in tombs, sanctuaries dedicated to female divinities, and in the domestic quarters of ancient towns. Photo courtesy Mediterranean Section, Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum. (99k)
	Western Asia Minor Marble Funeral Stele Hellenistic/1st century BC MS 4023 A man reclines in an arched niche on a tall dining couch or kline. Leaning on his left elbow supported by a pillow, he holds aloft a funeral wreath. A woman, probably his wife, is shown in an attitude of contemplation with her cloak or himation pulled over her head. The three-legged table is laden with food. Male and female servants, done in a smaller scale in keeping with their lesser status, fill out the remainder of this melancholy scene. The inscription across the architrave reads "Worthy Menemachos, son of Diphilos, farewell." H. 70.5; W. 47.0; Th. 8.5 cm. UM neg. NC35-3317. (231k)
	Attic White Ground Lekythos Late 5th century BC Attica MS 4082 A girl seated on a chair with a wreath in her hands; her wool basket is set to the right. The undulating snake, which appears above, is traditionally associated with the dead from the Geometric period on. H. 13.4; Dia. 5.0 cm. Photo by Maria Daniels for the Perseus Project. (132k)
	Attic White Ground Lekythos Late 5th century BC By the Reed Painter On loan, Philadelphia Museum of Art L-64-144 A man and a woman flank a grave stele. Because the colors were added after firing and were based on unstable pigments that tended to flake away, White Ground scenes often survive in poor condition and their figures appear naked where they were originally intended to look dressed. H. 24.0; Dia. 8.0 cm. UM neg. S8-120633. (99k)